High Temperature Reactions

High temperature reactions are often performed in an oven, muffle furnace, tube furnace, or electric arc furnace.

Ovens are good for low-temperature reactions, with maximum temperatures of 100-200 degrees C

Muffle furnaces heat samples in air via induction, with maximum temperatures of 1000-1300 degrees C.

Tube furnaces enable heating samples under controlled atmospheres, either reducing, inert, or oxidizing. They do this by flowing gas through an alumina tube sealed with flanges, and have a maximum temperature of ~1000C.

Electric arc furnaces enable very high temperatures to be reached locally under vacuum, typically in a copper crucible.